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#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_STRING_H /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/ #define RBIMPL_INTERN_STRING_H /** * @file * @author Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org> * @copyright This file is a part of the programming language Ruby. * Permission is hereby granted, to either redistribute and/or * modify this file, provided that the conditions mentioned in the * file COPYING are met. Consult the file for details. * @warning Symbols prefixed with either `RBIMPL` or `rbimpl` are * implementation details. Don't take them as canon. They could * rapidly appear then vanish. The name (path) of this header file * is also an implementation detail. Do not expect it to persist * at the place it is now. Developers are free to move it anywhere * anytime at will. * @note To ruby-core: remember that this header can be possibly * recursively included from extension libraries written in C++. * Do not expect for instance `__VA_ARGS__` is always available. * We assume C99 for ruby itself but we don't assume languages of * extension libraries. They could be written in C++98. * @brief Public APIs related to ::rb_cString. */ #include "ruby/internal/config.h" #ifdef STDC_HEADERS # include <stddef.h> #endif #ifdef HAVE_STRING_H # include <string.h> #endif #ifdef HAVE_STDINT_H # include <stdint.h> #endif #include "ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h" #include "ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h" #include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h" #include "ruby/internal/constant_p.h" #include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h" #include "ruby/internal/value.h" #include "ruby/internal/variable.h" /* rb_gvar_setter_t */ #include "ruby/st.h" /* st_index_t */ RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN() /* string.c */ /** * Allocates an instance of ::rb_cString. * * @param[in] ptr A memory region of `len` bytes length. * @param[in] len Length of `ptr`, in bytes, not including the * terminating NUL character. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate `len+1` bytes. * @exception rb_eArgError `len` is negative. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of `len` bytes length, of * "binary" encoding, whose contents are verbatim copy of `ptr`. * @pre At least `len` bytes of continuous memory region shall be * accessible via `ptr`. */ VALUE rb_str_new(const char *ptr, long len); /** * Identical to rb_str_new(), except it assumes the passed pointer is a pointer * to a C string. * * @param[in] ptr A C string. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate memory. * @exception rb_eArgError `ptr` is a null pointer. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of "binary" encoding, whose * contents are verbatim copy of `ptr`. * @pre `ptr` must not be a null pointer. */ VALUE rb_str_new_cstr(const char *ptr); /** * Identical to rb_str_new_cstr(), except it takes a Ruby's string instead of * C's. Implementation wise it creates a string that shares the backend memory * region with the receiver. So the name. But there is no way for extension * libraries to know if a string is of such variant. * * @param[in] str An object of ::RString. * @return An allocated instance of ::rb_cString, which shares the * encoding, length, and contents with the passed string. * @pre `str` must not be any arbitrary object except ::RString. * @note Use #StringValue to enforce the precondition. */ VALUE rb_str_new_shared(VALUE str); /** * Creates a frozen copy of the string, if necessary. This function does * nothing when the passed string is already frozen. Otherwise, it allocates a * copy of it, which is frozen. The passed string is untouched either ways. * * @param[in] str An object of ::RString. * @return Something frozen. * @pre `str` must not be any arbitrary object except ::RString. * @note Use #StringValue to enforce the precondition. */ VALUE rb_str_new_frozen(VALUE str); /** * Identical to rb_str_new(), except it takes the class of the allocating * object. * * @param[in] obj A string-ish object. * @param[in] ptr A memory region of `len` bytes length. * @param[in] len Length of `ptr`, in bytes, not including the * terminating NUL character. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate `len+1` bytes. * @exception rb_eArgError `len` is negative. * @return An instance of the class of `obj`, of `len` bytes length, of * "binary" encoding, whose contents are verbatim copy of `ptr`. * @pre At least `len` bytes of continuous memory region shall be * accessible via `ptr`. * * @internal * * Why it doesn't take an instance of ::rb_cClass? */ VALUE rb_str_new_with_class(VALUE obj, const char *ptr, long len); /** * @deprecated This function once was a thing in the old days, but makes no * sense any longer today. Exists here for backwards * compatibility only. You can safely forget about it. * * @param[in] ptr A C string. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate memory. * @exception rb_eArgError `ptr` is a null pointer. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of "binary" encoding, whose * contents are verbatim copy of `ptr`. * @pre `ptr` must not be a null pointer. */ VALUE rb_tainted_str_new_cstr(const char *ptr); /** * @deprecated This function once was a thing in the old days, but makes no * sense any longer today. Exists here for backwards * compatibility only. You can safely forget about it. * * @param[in] ptr A memory region of `len` bytes length. * @param[in] len Length of `ptr`, in bytes, not including the * terminating NUL character. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate `len+1` bytes. * @exception rb_eArgError `len` is negative. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of `len` bytes length, of * "binary" encoding, whose contents are verbatim copy of `ptr`. * @pre At least `len` bytes of continuous memory region shall be * accessible via `ptr`. */ VALUE rb_tainted_str_new(const char *ptr, long len); /** * Identical to rb_str_new(), except it generates a string of "default * external" encoding. * * @param[in] ptr A memory region of `len` bytes length. * @param[in] len Length of `ptr`, in bytes, not including the * terminating NUL character. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate `len+1` bytes. * @exception rb_eArgError `len` is negative. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString. In case encoding conversion from * "default internal" to "default external" is fully defined over * the given contents, then the return value is a string of * "default external" encoding, whose contents are the converted * ones. Otherwise the string is a junk. * @warning It doesn't raise on a conversion failure and silently ends up in * a corrupted output. You can know the failure by querying * `valid_encoding?` of the result object. */ VALUE rb_external_str_new(const char *ptr, long len); RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(()) /** * Identical to rb_external_str_new(), except it assumes the passed pointer is * a pointer to a C string. It can also be seen as a routine identical to * rb_str_new_cstr(), except it generates a string of "default external" * encoding. * * @param[in] ptr A C string. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate memory. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString. In case encoding conversion from * "default internal" to "default external" is fully defined over * the given contents, then the return value is a string of * "default external" encoding, whose contents are the converted * ones. Otherwise the string is a junk. * @warning It doesn't raise on a conversion failure and silently ends up in * a corrupted output. You can know the failure by querying * `valid_encoding?` of the result object. * @pre `ptr` must not be a null pointer. */ VALUE rb_external_str_new_cstr(const char *ptr); /** * Identical to rb_str_new(), except it generates a string of "locale" * encoding. It can also be seen as a routine identical to * rb_external_str_new(), except it generates a string of "locale" encoding * instead of "default external" encoding. * * @param[in] ptr A memory region of `len` bytes length. * @param[in] len Length of `ptr`, in bytes, not including the * terminating NUL character. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate `len+1` bytes. * @exception rb_eArgError `len` is negative. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString. In case encoding conversion from * "default internal" to "locale" is fully defined over the given * contents, then the return value is a string of "locale" * encoding, whose contents are the converted ones. Otherwise the * string is a junk. * @warning It doesn't raise on a conversion failure and silently ends up in * a corrupted output. You can know the failure by querying * `valid_encoding?` of the result object. */ VALUE rb_locale_str_new(const char *ptr, long len); RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(()) /** * Identical to rb_locale_str_new(), except it assumes the passed pointer is a * pointer to a C string. It can also be seen as a routine identical to * rb_external_str_new_cstr(), except it generates a string of "locale" * encoding instead of "default external". * * @param[in] ptr A C string. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate memory. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString. In case encoding conversion from * "default internal" to "locale" is fully defined over the given * contents, then the return value is a string of "locale" * encoding, whose contents are the converted ones. Otherwise the * string is a junk. * @warning It doesn't raise on a conversion failure and silently ends up in * a corrupted output. You can know the failure by querying * `valid_encoding?` of the result object. * @pre `ptr` must not be a null pointer. */ VALUE rb_locale_str_new_cstr(const char *ptr); /** * Identical to rb_str_new(), except it generates a string of "filesystem" * encoding. It can also be seen as a routine identical to * rb_external_str_new(), except it generates a string of "filesystem" encoding * instead of "default external" encoding. * * @param[in] ptr A memory region of `len` bytes length. * @param[in] len Length of `ptr`, in bytes, not including the * terminating NUL character. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate `len+1` bytes. * @exception rb_eArgError `len` is negative. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString. In case encoding conversion from * "default internal" to "filesystem" is fully defined over the * given contents, then the return value is a string of * "filesystem" encoding, whose contents are the converted ones. * Otherwise the string is a junk. * @warning It doesn't raise on a conversion failure and silently ends up in * a corrupted output. You can know the failure by querying * `valid_encoding?` of the result object. */ VALUE rb_filesystem_str_new(const char *ptr, long len); RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(()) /** * Identical to rb_filesystem_str_new(), except it assumes the passed pointer * is a pointer to a C string. It can also be seen as a routine identical to * rb_external_str_new_cstr(), except it generates a string of "filesystem" * encoding instead of "default external". * * @param[in] ptr A C string. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate memory. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString. In case encoding conversion from * "default internal" to "filesystem" is fully defined over the * given contents, then the return value is a string of * "filesystem" encoding, whose contents are the converted ones. * Otherwise the string is a junk. * @warning It doesn't raise on a conversion failure and silently ends up in * a corrupted output. You can know the failure by querying * `valid_encoding?` of the result object. * @pre `ptr` must not be a null pointer. */ VALUE rb_filesystem_str_new_cstr(const char *ptr); /** * Allocates a "string buffer". A string buffer here is an instance of * ::rb_cString, whose capacity is bigger than the length of it. If you can * say that a string grows to a specific amount of bytes, this could be * effective than resizing a string over and over again and again. * * @param[in] capa Designed capacity of the generating string. * @return An empty string, of "binary" encoding, whose capacity is `capa`. */ VALUE rb_str_buf_new(long capa); RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(()) /** * This is a rb_str_buf_new() + rb_str_buf_cat() combo. * * @param[in] ptr A C string. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate memory. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of "binary" encoding, whose * contents are verbatim copy of `ptr`. * @pre `ptr` must not be a null pointer. * * @internal * * This must be identical to rb_str_new_cstr(), except done in inefficient way? * @shyouhei doesn't understand why this is not a simple alias. */ VALUE rb_str_buf_new_cstr(const char *ptr); /** * Allocates a "temporary" string. This is a hidden empty string. Handy on * occasions. * * @param[in] len Designed length of the string. * @return A hidden, empty string. * @see rb_obj_hide() */ VALUE rb_str_tmp_new(long len); /** * Identical to rb_str_new(), except it generates a string of "US ASCII" * encoding. This is different from rb_external_str_new(), not only for the * output encoding, but also it doesn't convert the contents. * * @param[in] ptr A memory region of `len` bytes length. * @param[in] len Length of `ptr`, in bytes, not including the * terminating NUL character. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate `len+1` bytes. * @exception rb_eArgError `len` is negative. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of `len` bytes length, of * "US ASCII" encoding, whose contents are verbatim copy of `ptr`. */ VALUE rb_usascii_str_new(const char *ptr, long len); /** * Identical to rb_str_new_cstr(), except it generates a string of "US ASCII" * encoding. It can also be seen as a routine Identical to * rb_usascii_str_new(), except it assumes the passed pointer is a pointer to a * C string. * * @param[in] ptr A C string. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate memory. * @exception rb_eArgError `ptr` is a null pointer. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of "US ASCII" encoding, whose * contents are verbatim copy of `ptr`. * @pre `ptr` must not be a null pointer. */ VALUE rb_usascii_str_new_cstr(const char *ptr); /** * Identical to rb_str_new(), except it generates a string of "UTF-8" encoding. * * @param[in] ptr A memory region of `len` bytes length. * @param[in] len Length of `ptr`, in bytes, not including the * terminating NUL character. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate `len+1` bytes. * @exception rb_eArgError `len` is negative. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of `len` bytes length, of * "UTF-8" encoding, whose contents are verbatim copy of `ptr`. */ VALUE rb_utf8_str_new(const char *ptr, long len); /** * Identical to rb_str_new_cstr(), except it generates a string of "UTF-8" * encoding. It can also be seen as a routine Identical to * rb_usascii_str_new(), except it assumes the passed pointer is a pointer to a * C string. * * @param[in] ptr A C string. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate memory. * @exception rb_eArgError `ptr` is a null pointer. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of "UTF-8" encoding, whose contents * are verbatim copy of `ptr`. * @pre `ptr` must not be a null pointer. */ VALUE rb_utf8_str_new_cstr(const char *ptr); /** * @name Special strings that are backended by C string literals. * * *_str_new_static functions are intended for C string literals. * They require memory in the range [ptr, ptr+len] to always be readable. * Note that this range covers a total of len + 1 bytes. * * @{ */ /** * Identical to rb_str_new(), except it takes a C string literal. * * @param[in] ptr A C string literal. * @param[in] len `strlen(ptr)`. * @exception rb_eArgError `len` out of range of `size_t`. * @pre `ptr` must be a C string constant. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of "binary" encoding, whose backend * storage is the passed C string literal. * @warning It is a very bad idea to write to a C string literal (often * immediate SEGV shall occur). Consider return values of this * function be read-only. * * @internal * * Surprisingly it can take NULL, and generates an empty string. */ VALUE rb_str_new_static(const char *ptr, long len); /** * Identical to rb_str_new_static(), except it generates a string of "US ASCII" * encoding instead of "binary". It can also be seen as a routine identical to * rb_usascii_str_new(), except it takes a C string literal. * * @param[in] ptr A C string literal. * @param[in] len `strlen(ptr)`. * @exception rb_eArgError `len` out of range of `size_t`. * @pre `ptr` must be a C string constant. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of "US ASCII" encoding, whose * backend storage is the passed C string literal. * @warning It is a very bad idea to write to a C string literal (often * immediate SEGV shall occur). Consider return values of this * function be read-only. */ VALUE rb_usascii_str_new_static(const char *ptr, long len); /** * Identical to rb_str_new_static(), except it generates a string of "UTF-8" * encoding instead of "binary". It can also be seen as a routine identical to * rb_utf8_str_new(), except it takes a C string literal. * * @param[in] ptr A C string literal. * @param[in] len `strlen(ptr)`. * @exception rb_eArgError `len` out of range of `size_t`. * @pre `ptr` must be a C string constant. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of "UTF-8" encoding, whose backend * storage is the passed C string literal. * @warning It is a very bad idea to write to a C string literal (often * immediate SEGV shall occur). Consider return values of this * function be read-only. */ VALUE rb_utf8_str_new_static(const char *ptr, long len); /** @} */ /** * Identical to rb_interned_str(), except it takes a Ruby's string instead of * C's. It can also be seen as a routine identical to to rb_str_new_shared(), * except it returns an infamous "f"string. * * @param[in] str An object of ::RString. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, either cached or allocated, which * has the identical encoding, length, and contents with the passed * string. * @pre `str` must not be any arbitrary object except ::RString. * @note Use #StringValue to enforce the precondition. * * @internal * * It actually finds or creates a fstring of the needed property, and * destructively modifies the receiver behind-the-scene so that it becomes a * shared string whose parent is the returning fstring. */ VALUE rb_str_to_interned_str(VALUE str); /** * Identical to rb_str_new(), except it returns an infamous "f"string. What is * a fstring? Well it is a special subkind of strings that is immutable, * deduped globally, and managed by our GC. It is much like a Symbol (in fact * Symbols are dynamic these days and are backended using fstrings). This * concept has been silently introduced at some point in 2.x era. Since then * it gained wider acceptance in the core. Starting from 3.x extension * libraries can also generate ones. * * @param[in] ptr A memory region of `len` bytes length. * @param[in] len Length of `ptr`, in bytes, not including the * terminating NUL character. * @exception rb_eArgError `len` is negative. * @return A found or created instance of ::rb_cString, of `len` bytes * length, of "binary" encoding, whose contents are identical to * that of `ptr`. * @pre At least `len` bytes of continuous memory region shall be * accessible via `ptr`. */ VALUE rb_interned_str(const char *ptr, long len); RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(()) /** * Identical to rb_interned_str(), except it assumes the passed pointer is a * pointer to a C's string. It can also be seen as a routine identical to to * rb_str_to_interned_str(), except it takes a C's string instead of Ruby's. * Or it can also be seen as a routine identical to rb_str_new_cstr(), except * it returns an infamous "f"string. * * @param[in] ptr A C string. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate memory. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of "binary" encoding, whose * contents are verbatim copy of `ptr`. * @pre `ptr` must not be a null pointer. */ VALUE rb_interned_str_cstr(const char *ptr); /** * Destroys the given string for no reason. * * @warning DO NOT USE IT. * @warning Leave this task to our GC. * @warning It was a bad idea at the first place to let you know about it. * * @param[out] str The string to be executed. * @post The given string no longer exists. * @note Maybe `String#clear` could be what you want. * * @internal * * Should have moved this to `internal/string.h`. */ void rb_str_free(VALUE str); /** * Replaces the contents of the former with the latter. * * @param[out] dst Destination object. * @param[in] src Source object. * @pre Both objects must not be any arbitrary objects except * ::RString. * @post `dst`'s former components are abandoned. It now has the * identical encoding, length, and contents to `src`. * @see rb_str_replace() * * @internal * * @shyouhei doesn't understand why this is useful to extension libraries. * Just use rb_str_replace(). What's wrong with that? */ void rb_str_shared_replace(VALUE dst, VALUE src); /** * Identical to rb_str_cat_cstr(), except it takes Ruby's string instead of * C's. It can also be seen as a routine identical to rb_str_shared_replace(), * except it appends instead of replaces. * * @param[out] dst Destination object. * @param[in] src Source object. * @exception rb_eEncCompatError Can't mix the encodings. * @exception rb_eArgError Result string too big. * @return The passed `dst`. * @pre Both objects must not be any arbitrary objects except * ::RString. * @post `dst` has the contents of `src` appended, with encoding * converted into `dst`'s one, into the end of `dst`. */ VALUE rb_str_buf_append(VALUE dst, VALUE src); /** @alias{rb_str_cat} */ VALUE rb_str_buf_cat(VALUE, const char*, long); /** @alias{rb_str_cat_cstr} */ VALUE rb_str_buf_cat2(VALUE, const char*); RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(()) /** * Identical to rb_str_cat_cstr(), except it additionally assumes the source * string be a NUL terminated ASCII string. * * @param[out] dst Destination object. * @param[in] src Source string. * @exception rb_eArgError Result string too big. * @return The passed `dst`. * @pre `dst` must not be any arbitrary object except ::RString. * @pre `src` must be a NUL terminated ASCII string. * @post `dst` has the contents of `src` appended, with encoding * converted into `dst`'s one, into the end of `dst`. */ VALUE rb_str_buf_cat_ascii(VALUE dst, const char *src); /** * Try converting an object to its stringised representation using its `to_s` * method, if any. If there is no such thing, it resorts to rb_any_to_s() * output. * * @param[in] obj Arbitrary ruby object to stringise. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString. */ VALUE rb_obj_as_string(VALUE obj); /** * Try converting an object to its stringised representation using its `to_str` * method, if any. If there is no such thing, returns ::RUBY_Qnil. * * @param[in] obj Arbitrary ruby object to stringise. * @exception rb_eTypeError `obj.to_str` returned something non-String. * @retval RUBY_Qnil No conversion from obj to String defined. * @return otherwise Stringised representation of `obj`. * @see rb_io_check_io * @see rb_check_array_type * @see rb_check_hash_type */ VALUE rb_check_string_type(VALUE obj); /** * Asserts that the given string's encoding is (Ruby's definition of) ASCII * compatible. * * @param[in] obj An instance of ::rb_cString. * @exception rb_eEncCompatError `obj` is ASCII incompatible. * * @internal * * @shyouhei doesn't know if this is an Easter egg or an official feature, but * this function can in fact take non-strings such as Symbols, Regexps, IOs, * etc. However if something unsupported is passed, it causes SEGV. It seems * the feature is kind of untested. */ void rb_must_asciicompat(VALUE obj); /** * Duplicates a string. * * @param[in] str String in question to duplicate. * @return A duplicated new instance. * @pre `str` must be of ::RString. */ VALUE rb_str_dup(VALUE str); /** * I guess there is no use case of this function in extension libraries, but * this is a routine identical to rb_str_dup(), except it always creates an * instance of ::rb_cString regardless of the given object's class. This makes * the most sense when the passed string is formerly hidden by rb_obj_hide(). * * @param[in] str A string, possibly hidden. * @return A duplicated new instance of ::rb_cString. */ VALUE rb_str_resurrect(VALUE str); /** * Obtains a "temporary lock" of the string. This advisory locking mechanism * prevents other cooperating threads from tampering the receiver. The same * thing could be done via freeze mechanism, but this one can also be unlocked * using rb_str_unlocktmp(). * * @param[out] str String to lock. * @exception rb_eRuntimeError `str` already locked. * @return The given string. * @post The string is locked. */ VALUE rb_str_locktmp(VALUE str); /** * Releases a lock formerly obtained by rb_str_locktmp(). * * @param[out] str String to unlock. * @exception rb_eRuntimeError `str` already unlocked. * @return The given string. * @post The string is locked. */ VALUE rb_str_unlocktmp(VALUE str); /** @alias{rb_str_new_frozen} */ VALUE rb_str_dup_frozen(VALUE); /** @alias{rb_str_new_frozen} */ #define rb_str_dup_frozen rb_str_new_frozen /** * Generates a new string, concatenating the former to the latter. It can also * be seen as a routine identical to rb_str_append(), except it doesn't tamper * the passed strings to create a new one instead. * * @param[in] lhs Source string #1. * @param[in] rhs Source string #2. * @exception rb_eEncCompatError Can't mix the encodings. * @exception rb_eArgError Result string too big. * @return A new string containing `rhs` concatenated to `lhs`. * @pre Both objects must not be any arbitrary objects except ::RString. * @note This operation doesn't commute. Don't get confused by the * "plus" terminology. For historical reasons there are some * noncommutative `+`s in Ruby. This is one of such things. There * has been a long discussion around `+`s in programming languages. */ VALUE rb_str_plus(VALUE lhs, VALUE rhs); /** * Repetition of a string. * * @param[in] str String to repeat. * @param[in] num Count, something numeric. * @exception rb_eArgError `num` is negative. * @return A new string repeating `num` times of `str`. */ VALUE rb_str_times(VALUE str, VALUE num); /** * Byte offset to character offset conversion. This makes sense when the * receiver is in a multibyte encoding. The string's i-th character does not * always sit at its i-th byte. This function scans the contents to find the * character index that matches the byte index. Generally speaking this is an * `O(n)` operation. Could be slow. * * @param[in] str The string to scan. * @param[in] pos Offset, in bytes. * @return Offset, in characters. */ long rb_str_sublen(VALUE str, long pos); /** * This is the implementation of two-argumented `String#slice`. * * - Returns the substring of the given `len` found in `str` at offset `beg`: * * ```ruby * 'foo'[0, 2] # => "fo" * 'foo'[0, 0] # => "" * ``` * * - Counts backward from the end of `str` if `beg` is negative: * * ```ruby * 'foo'[-2, 2] # => "oo" * ``` * * - Special case: returns a new empty string if `beg` is equal to the length * of `str`: * * ```ruby * 'foo'[3, 2] # => "" * ``` * * - Returns a null pointer if `beg` is out of range: * * ```ruby * 'foo'[4, 2] # => nil * 'foo'[-4, 2] # => nil * ``` * * - Returns the trailing substring of `str` if `len` is large: * * ```ruby * 'foo'[1, 50] # => "oo" * ``` * * - Returns a null pointer if `len` is negative: * * ```ruby * 'foo'[0, -1] # => nil * ``` * * @param[in] str The string to slice. * @param[in] beg Requested offset of the substring. * @param[in] len Requested length of the substring. * @retval RUBY_Qnil Parameters out of range. * @retval otherwise A new string whose contents is the specified * substring of `str`. * @pre `str` must not be any arbitrary objects except ::RString. */ VALUE rb_str_substr(VALUE str, long beg, long len); /** * Identical to rb_str_substr(), except the numbers are interpreted as byte * offsets instead of character offsets. * * @param[in] str The string to slice. * @param[in] beg Requested offset of the substring. * @param[in] len Requested length of the substring. * @return A new string whose contents is the specified substring of `str`. * @pre `str` must not be any arbitrary objects except ::RString. * @pre `beg` and `len` must not point to OOB contents. */ VALUE rb_str_subseq(VALUE str, long beg, long len); /** * Identical to rb_str_substr(), except it returns a C's string instead of * Ruby's. * * @param[in] str The string to slice. * @param[in] beg Requested offset of the substring. * @param[in,out] len Requested length of the substring. * @retval NULL Parameters out of range. * @retval otherwise A pointer inside of `str`'s backend storage where * the specified substring exist. * @pre `str` must not be any arbitrary objects except ::RString. * @post `len` is updated to have the length of the return value. */ char *rb_str_subpos(VALUE str, long beg, long *len); /** * Declares that the string is about to be modified. This for instance let the * string have a dedicated backend storage. * * @param[out] str String about to be modified. * @exception rb_eRuntimeError `str` is `locktmp`-ed. * @exception rb_eFrozenError `str` is frozen. * @pre `str` must not be any arbitrary objects except ::RString. * @post Upon successful return the passed string is eligible to be * modified. */ void rb_str_modify(VALUE str); /** * Identical to rb_str_modify(), except it additionally expands the capacity of * the receiver. * * @param[out] str Target string to modify. * @param[in] capa Additional capacity to add. * @exception rb_eArgError `capa` is negative. * @exception rb_eRuntimeError `str` is `locktmp`-ed. * @exception rb_eFrozenError `str` is frozen. * @pre `str` must not be any arbitrary objects except ::RString. * @post Upon successful return the passed string is modified so that * its capacity is increased for `capa` bytes. */ void rb_str_modify_expand(VALUE str, long capa); /** * This is the implementation of `String#freeze`. * * @param[out] str Target string to freeze. * @return The passed string. * @post Upon successful return the passed string is frozen. */ VALUE rb_str_freeze(VALUE str); /** * Overwrites the length of the string. Typically this is used to shrink a * string that was formerly expanded. * * ```CXX * extern int fd; * auto str = rb_eval_string("'...'"); * rb_str_modify_expand(str, BUFSIZ); * if (auto len = recv(fd, RSTRING_PTR(str), BUFSIZ, 0); len >= 0) { * rb_str_set_len(str, len); * } * else { * rb_sys_fail("recv(2)"); * } * ``` * * @param[out] str String to shrink. * @param[in] len New length of the string. * @exception rb_eRuntimeError `str` is `locktmp`-ed. * @exception rb_eFrozenError `str` is frozen. * @pre `str` must not be any arbitrary objects except ::RString. * @post Upon successful return `str`'s length is set to `len`. */ void rb_str_set_len(VALUE str, long len); /** * Overwrites the length of the string. In contrast to rb_str_set_len(), this * function can also expand a string. * * @param[out] str String to shrink. * @param[in] len New length of the string. * @exception rb_eArgError `len` is negative. * @exception rb_eRuntimeError `str` is `locktmp`-ed. * @exception rb_eFrozenError `str` is frozen. * @return The passed `str`. * @pre `str` must not be any arbitrary objects except ::RString. * @post Upon successful return `str` is either expanded or shrunken to * have its length be `len`. */ VALUE rb_str_resize(VALUE str, long len); /** * Destructively appends the passed contents to the string. * * @param[out] dst Destination object. * @param[in] src Contents to append. * @param[in] srclen Length of `src`. * @exception rb_eArgError `srclen` is negative. * @return The passed `dst`. * @pre `dst` must not be any arbitrary objects except ::RString. * @post `dst` has the contents of `ptr` appended. */ VALUE rb_str_cat(VALUE dst, const char *src, long srclen); /** * Identical to rb_str_cat(), except it assumes the passed pointer is a pointer * to a C string. * * @param[out] dst Destination object. * @param[in] src Contents to append. * @exception rb_eArgError Result string too big. * @exception rb_eArgError `src` is a null pointer. * @return The passed `dst`. * @pre `dst` must not be any arbitrary objects except ::RString. * @pre `src` must not be a null pointer. * @post `dst` has the contents of `src` appended. */ VALUE rb_str_cat_cstr(VALUE dst, const char *src); /** @alias{rb_str_cat_cstr} */ VALUE rb_str_cat2(VALUE, const char*); /** * Identical to rb_str_buf_append(), except it converts the right hand side * before concatenating. * * @param[out] dst Destination object. * @param[in] src Source object. * @exception rb_eEncCompatError Can't mix the encodings. * @exception rb_eArgError Result string too big. * @return The passed `dst`. * @pre `dst` must not be any arbitrary objects except ::RString. * @post `dst` has the contents of `src` appended, with encoding * converted into `dst`'s one, into the end of `dst`. */ VALUE rb_str_append(VALUE dst, VALUE src); /** * Identical to rb_str_append(), except it also accepts an integer as a * codepoint. This resembles `String#<<`. * * @param[out] dst Destination object. * @param[in] src Source object, String or Numeric. * @exception rb_eRangeError Source numeric is out of range. * @exception rb_eEncCompatError Source string too long. * @exception rb_eArgError Result string too big. * @return The passed `dst`. * @pre `dst` must not be any arbitrary objects except ::RString. * @post `dst` has the contents of `src` appended, with encoding * converted into `dst`'s one, into the end of `dst`. */ VALUE rb_str_concat(VALUE dst, VALUE src); /* random.c */ /** * This is a universal hash function. * * @warning This function changes its value per process. * @param[in] ptr Target message. * @param[in] len Length of `ptr` in bytes. * @return A pseudorandom number suitable for Hash's hash value. * @see Aumasson, JP., Bernstein, D.J., "SipHash: A Fast Short-Input * PRF", In proceedings of 13th International Conference on * Cryptology in India (INDOCRYPT 2012), LNCS 7668, pp. 489-508, * 2012. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34931-7_28 */ st_index_t rb_memhash(const void *ptr, long len); /** * Starts a series of hashing. Suppose you have a struct: * * ```CXX * struct foo_tag { * unsigned char bar; * uint32_t baz; * }; * ``` * * It is not a wise idea to call rb_memhash() over it, because there could be * padding bits. Instead you should explicitly iterate over each fields: * * ```CXX * foo_tag foo = { 0, 0, }; * st_index_t hash = 0; * * hash = rb_hash_start(0); * hash = rb_hash_uint(hash, foo.bar); * hash = rb_hash_uint32(hash, foo.baz); * hash = rb_hash_end(hash); * ``` * * @param[in] i Initial value. * @return A hash value. */ st_index_t rb_hash_start(st_index_t i); /** @alias{st_hash_uint32} */ #define rb_hash_uint32(h, i) st_hash_uint32((h), (i)) /** @alias{st_hash_uint} */ #define rb_hash_uint(h, i) st_hash_uint((h), (i)) /** @alias{st_hash_end} */ #define rb_hash_end(h) st_hash_end(h) /* string.c */ /** * Calculates a hash value of a string. This is one of the two functions that * constructs struct ::st_hash_type. * * @param[in] str An object of ::RString. * @return A hash value. * @pre `str` must not be any arbitrary object except ::RString. * * @internal * * Although safe to call, there must be no particular use case of this function * for extension libraries. Only ruby internals must know about it. * * This is not a simple alias of rb_memhash(), because it considers the passed * string's encoding as well as its contents. */ st_index_t rb_str_hash(VALUE str); /** * Compares two strings. This is one of the two functions that constructs * struct ::st_hash_type. * * @param[in] str1 A string. * @param[in] str2 Another string. * @retval 1 They have identical contents, length, and encodings. * @retval 0 Otherwise. * @pre Both objects must not be any arbitrary objects except * ::RString. * * @internal * * In contrast to rb_str_hash(), this could be handy for comparison that only * concerns equality. rb_str_cmp() returns 1, 0, -1. */ int rb_str_hash_cmp(VALUE str1, VALUE str2); /** * Checks if two strings are comparable each other or not. Because * rb_str_cmp() must return "lesser than" or "greater than" information, * comparing two strings needs a stricter restriction. Both sides must be in a * same set of strings which have total order. This is to check that property. * Intuitive it sounds? But they can have different encodings. A character * and another might or might not appear in the same order in their codepoints. * It is complicated than you think. * * @param[in] str1 A string. * @param[in] str2 Another string. * @retval 1 They agree on a total order. * @retval 0 Otherwise. * @pre Both objects must not be any arbitrary objects except * ::RString. */ int rb_str_comparable(VALUE str1, VALUE str2); /** * Compares two strings, as in `strcmp(3)`. This does not consider the current * locale, but considers the encodings of both sides instead. * * @param[in] lhs A string. * @param[in] rhs Another string. * @retval -1 `lhs` is "bigger than" `rhs`. * @retval 1 `rhs` is "bigger than" `lhs`. * @retval 0 Otherwise, e.g. not comparable. * @pre Both objects must not be any arbitrary objects except * ::RString. */ int rb_str_cmp(VALUE lhs, VALUE rhs); /** * Equality of two strings. * * If `str2` is not a String, it resorts to `str2 == str1`. Otherwise if they * are not comparable, returns ::RUBY_Qfalse. Otherwise if they have the same * contents and the length, returns ::RUBY_Qtrue. Otherwise, returns * ::RUBY_Qfalse. * * @param[in] str1 A string. * @param[in] str2 Another string. * @retval RUBY_Qtrue They are equal. * @retval RUBY_Qfalse They are either different, or not comparable. */ VALUE rb_str_equal(VALUE str1, VALUE str2); /** * Shrinks the given string for the given number of bytes. * * @param[out] str String to squash. * @param[in] len Number of bytes to reduce. * @exception rb_eRuntimeError `str` is `locktmp`-ed. * @exception rb_eFrozenError `str` is frozen. * @return The passed `str`. * @pre `str` must not be any arbitrary objects except ::RString. * @post `str` is shrunken. * @warning Can break a multibyte character in middle. * * @internal * * What if `len` is negative? */ VALUE rb_str_drop_bytes(VALUE str, long len); /** * Replaces some (or all) of the contents of the given string. This is the * implementation of three-argumented `String#[]=`. * * @param[out] dst Target string to update. * @param[in] beg Offset of the affected portion. * @param[in] len Length of the affected portion. * @param[in] src Object to be assigned. * @exception rb_eTypeError `src` has no implicit conversion to String. * @exception rb_eIndexError `len` is negative, or `beg` is OOB. * @exception rb_eRuntimeError `dst` is `locktmp`-ed. * @exception rb_eFrozenError `dst` is frozen. * @note Unlike rb_str_substr(), this function raises. * @post A portion of `dst` from `beg` to `len` is the stringised * representation of `src`. If that replacement string is not the * same length as the portion it is replacing, `dst` will be * resized accordingly. */ void rb_str_update(VALUE dst, long beg, long len, VALUE src); /** * Replaces the contents of the former object with the stringised contents of * the latter. * * @param[out] dst Destination object. * @param[in] src Source object. * @exception rb_eTypeError `src` has no implicit conversion to String. * @exception rb_eRuntimeError `dst` is `locktmp`-ed. * @exception rb_eFrozenError `dst` is frozen. * @return The passed `dst`. * @pre `dst` must not be any arbitrary object except ::RString. * @post `dst`'s former components are abandoned. It now has the * identical encoding, length, and contents to `src`. */ VALUE rb_str_replace(VALUE dst, VALUE src); /** * Generates a "readable" version of the receiver. * * @warning The output is _insecure_. Never feed one to `eval`. * @warning The output is not always in the same encoding as the given one. * @warning A character might or might not be escaped, depending on the * result encoding. * @param[in] str String to inspect. * @return Its inspection, either in default internal encoding if any, or * in default external encoding otherwise. * @see rb_str_dump() * * @internal * * This is a (silent) fix of an actual vulnerability feeding `inspect` output * strings to `eval`: * https://github.com/hiki/hiki/commit/8771a6e25198e264a2bf9dc1c102fea2cc8ff975 * * ... and its advisory: * http://hikiwiki.org/en/advisory20040712.html */ VALUE rb_str_inspect(VALUE str); /** * "Inverse" of rb_eval_string(). Returns a quoted version of the string. All * non-printing characters are replaced by `\uNNNN` or `\xHH` notation and all * special characters are escaped. The result string is guaranteed to render a * string of the same contents when passed to `eval` and friends. * * @param[in] str String to dump. * @exception rb_eRuntimeError Too many escape sequences causes integer * overflow on the length of the string. * @return An US-ASCII string that includes all the necessary info to * reconstruct the original string. */ VALUE rb_str_dump(VALUE str); /** * Divides the given string based on the given delimiter. This is the * 1-argument 0-block version of `String#split`. * * @param[in] str Object in question to split. * @param[in] delim Delimiter, in C string. * @exception rb_eTypeError `str` has no implicit conversion to String. * @exception rb_eArgError `delim` is a null pointer. * @return An array of strings, which are substrings of the passed `str`. * If `delim` is an empty C string (i.e. `""`), `str` is split into * each characters. If `delim` is a C string whose sole content is * a whitespace (i.e. `" "`), `str` is split on whitespaces, with * leading and trailing whitespace and runs of contiguous * whitespace characters ignored. Otherwise, `str` is split * according to `delim`. */ VALUE rb_str_split(VALUE str, const char *delim); /** * This is a ::rb_gvar_setter_t that refutes non-string assignments. * * @exception rb_eTypeError Passed something non-string. */ rb_gvar_setter_t rb_str_setter; /* symbol.c */ /** * Identical to rb_to_symbol(), except it assumes the receiver being an * instance of ::RString. * * @param[in] str The name of the id. * @exception rb_eRuntimeError Too many symbols. * @return A (possibly new) id whose value is the given `str`. * @pre `str` must not be any arbitrary object except ::RString. * @note These days Ruby internally has two kinds of symbols * (static/dynamic). Symbols created using this function would * become dynamic ones; i.e. would be garbage collected. It could * be safer for you to use it than alternatives, when applicable. */ VALUE rb_str_intern(VALUE str); /* string.c */ /** * This is an rb_sym2str() + rb_str_dup() combo. * * @param[in] sym A symbol to query. * @return A string duplicating the symbol's backend storage. * * @internal * * This function causes SEGV when the passed value is a static symbol that * doesn't exist. */ VALUE rb_sym_to_s(VALUE sym); /** * Counts the number of characters (not bytes) that are stored inside of the * given string. This of course depends on its encoding. Also this function * generally runs in O(n), because for instance you have to scan the entire * string to know how many characters are there in a UTF-8 string. * * @param[in] str Target string to query. * @return Its number of characters. */ long rb_str_strlen(VALUE str); /** * Identical to rb_str_strlen(), except it returns the value in ::rb_cInteger. * * @param[in] str Target string to query. * @return Its number of characters. */ VALUE rb_str_length(VALUE); /** * "Inverse" of rb_str_sublen(). This function scans the contents to find the * byte index that matches the character index. Generally speaking this is an * `O(n)` operation. Could be slow. * * @param[in] str The string to scan. * @param[in] pos Offset, in characters. * @return Offset, in bytes. */ long rb_str_offset(VALUE str, long pos); RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE() /** * Queries the capacity of the given string. * * @see ::RString::capa * @param[in] str String in question. * @return Its capacity. */ size_t rb_str_capacity(VALUE str); /** * Shortens `str` and adds three dots, an ellipsis, if it is longer than `len` * characters. The length of the returned string in characters is less than or * equal to `len`. If the length of `str` is less than or equal `len`, returns * `str` itself. The encoding of returned string is equal to that of passed * one. The class of returned string is equal to that of passed one. * * @param[in] str The string to shorten. * @param[in] len The maximum string length. * @exception rb_eIndexError `len` is negative. * @retval str No need to add ellipsis. * @retval otherwise A new, shortened string. * @note The length is counted in characters. */ VALUE rb_str_ellipsize(VALUE str, long len); /** * "Cleanses" the string. A string has its encoding and its contents. They, * in practice, do not always fit. There are strings in the wild that are * "broken"; include bit patterns that are not allowed by its encoding. That * can happen when a user copy&pasted something bad, network input got * clobbered by a middleman, cosmic rays hit the physical memory, and many more * occasions. This function takes such strings, and fills the "broken" portion * with the passed replacement bit pattern. * * This function also takes a ruby block. That is a neat way to do things, but * can be annoying when the caller function want to use a block for another * purpose. * * @param[in] str Target string to scrub. * @param[in] repl Replacement string. When it is a string, * this function takes that as a replacement. * When it is ::RUBY_Qnil, this function tries * to yield a block (if any) and takes its * evaluated value as a replacement. In case * of ::RUBY_Qnil without a block, this * function takes an encoding-specific default * character (`U+FFFD`, for instance) as a last * resort. * @exception rb_eTypeError `repl` is neither string nor nil. * @exception rb_eArgError `repl` itself is broken. * @exception rb_eEncCompatError `repl` and `str` are incompatible. * @retval RUBY_Qnil `str` is already clean. * @retval otherwise A new, clean string. */ VALUE rb_str_scrub(VALUE str, VALUE repl); /** * Searches for the "successor" of a string. This function is complicated! * This is the only function in the entire ruby API (either C or Ruby) that * generates a string out of thin air. First, the successor to an empty string * is a new empty string: * * ```ruby * ''.succ # => "" * ``` * * Otherwise the successor is calculated by "incrementing" characters. The * first character to be incremented is the rightmost alphanumeric: or, if no * alphanumerics, the rightmost character: * * ```ruby * 'THX1138'.succ # => "THX1139" * '<<koala>>'.succ # => "<<koalb>>" * '***'.succ # => '**+' * ``` * * The successor to a digit is another digit, "carrying" to the next-left * character for a "rollover" from 9 to 0, and prepending another digit if * necessary: * * ```ruby * '00'.succ # => "01" * '09'.succ # => "10" * '99'.succ # => "100" * '-9'.succ # => "-10" * ``` * * The successor to a letter is another letter of the same case, carrying to * the next-left character for a rollover, and prepending another same-case * letter if necessary: * * ```ruby * 'aa'.succ # => "ab" * 'az'.succ # => "ba" * 'zz'.succ # => "aaa" * 'AA'.succ # => "AB" * 'AZ'.succ # => "BA" * 'ZZ'.succ # => "AAA" * ``` * * The successor to a non-alphanumeric character is the next character in the * underlying character set's collating sequence, carrying to the next-left * character for a rollover, and prepending another character if necessary: * * ```ruby * s = "\u03A1" * s.succ # => "\u03A3" # There is no such thing like \u03A2. * s = 255.chr * 3 * s # => "\xFF\xFF\xFF" * s.succ # => "\x01\x00\x00\x00" * ``` * * Carrying can occur between and among mixtures of alphanumeric characters: * * ```ruby * s = 'zz99zz99' * s.succ # => "aaa00aa00" * s = '99zz99zz' * s.succ # => "100aa00aa" * s = '1.9.9' * s.succ # => "2.0.0" * ``` * * @param[in] orig Predecessor string. * @return Successor string. */ VALUE rb_str_succ(VALUE orig); RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(()) /** * @private * * This is an implementation detail. Don't bother. * * @param[in] str A C string. * @return `strlen`, casted to `long`. */ static inline long rbimpl_strlen(const char *str) { return RBIMPL_CAST((long)strlen(str)); } RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(()) /** * @private * * This is an implementation detail. Don't bother. * * @param[in] str A C string literal. * @return Corresponding Ruby string. */ static inline VALUE rbimpl_str_new_cstr(const char *str) { long len = rbimpl_strlen(str); return rb_str_new_static(str, len); } RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("taintedness turned out to be a wrong idea.")) /** * @private * * This is an implementation detail. Don't bother. * * @param[in] str A C string literal. * @return Corresponding Ruby string. */ static inline VALUE rbimpl_tainted_str_new_cstr(const char *str) { long len = rbimpl_strlen(str); return rb_tainted_str_new(str, len); } RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(()) /** * @private * * This is an implementation detail. Don't bother. * * @param[in] str A C string literal. * @return Corresponding Ruby string. */ static inline VALUE rbimpl_usascii_str_new_cstr(const char *str) { long len = rbimpl_strlen(str); return rb_usascii_str_new_static(str, len); } RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(()) /** * @private * * This is an implementation detail. Don't bother. * * @param[in] str A C string literal. * @return Corresponding Ruby string. */ static inline VALUE rbimpl_utf8_str_new_cstr(const char *str) { long len = rbimpl_strlen(str); return rb_utf8_str_new_static(str, len); } RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(()) /** * @private * * This is an implementation detail. Don't bother. * * @param[in] str A C string literal. * @return Corresponding Ruby string. */ static inline VALUE rbimpl_external_str_new_cstr(const char *str) { long len = rbimpl_strlen(str); return rb_external_str_new(str, len); } RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(()) /** * @private * * This is an implementation detail. Don't bother. * * @param[in] str A C string literal. * @return Corresponding Ruby string. */ static inline VALUE rbimpl_locale_str_new_cstr(const char *str) { long len = rbimpl_strlen(str); return rb_locale_str_new(str, len); } RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(()) /** * @private * * This is an implementation detail. Don't bother. * * @param[in] str A C string literal. * @return Corresponding Ruby string. */ static inline VALUE rbimpl_str_buf_new_cstr(const char *str) { long len = rbimpl_strlen(str); VALUE buf = rb_str_buf_new(len); return rb_str_buf_cat(buf, str, len); } RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(()) /** * @private * * This is an implementation detail. Don't bother. * * @param[out] buf A string buffer. * @param[in] str A C string literal. * @return `buf` itself. */ static inline VALUE rbimpl_str_cat_cstr(VALUE buf, const char *str) { long len = rbimpl_strlen(str); return rb_str_cat(buf, str, len); } RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(()) /** * @private * * This is an implementation detail. Don't bother. * * @param[in] exc An exception class. * @param[in] str A C string literal. * @return An instance of `exc`. */ static inline VALUE rbimpl_exc_new_cstr(VALUE exc, const char *str) { long len = rbimpl_strlen(str); return rb_exc_new(exc, str, len); } /** * Allocates an instance of ::rb_cString. * * @param[in] str A memory region of `len` bytes length. * @param[in] len Length of `ptr`, in bytes, not including the * terminating NUL character. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate `len+1` bytes. * @exception rb_eArgError `len` is negative. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of `len` bytes length, of * "binary" encoding, whose contents are verbatim copy of `str`. * @pre At least `len` bytes of continuous memory region shall be * accessible via `str`. */ #define rb_str_new(str, len) \ ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str) && \ RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(len) ? \ rb_str_new_static : \ rb_str_new) ((str), (len))) /** * Identical to #rb_str_new, except it assumes the passed pointer is a pointer * to a C string. * * @param[in] str A C string. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate memory. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of "binary" encoding, whose * contents are verbatim copy of `str`. * @pre `str` must not be a null pointer. */ #define rb_str_new_cstr(str) \ ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str) ? \ rbimpl_str_new_cstr : \ rb_str_new_cstr) (str)) /** * Identical to #rb_str_new, except it generates a string of "US ASCII" * encoding. This is different from rb_external_str_new(), not only for the * output encoding, but also it doesn't convert the contents. * * @param[in] str A memory region of `len` bytes length. * @param[in] len Length of `str`, in bytes, not including the * terminating NUL character. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate `len+1` bytes. * @exception rb_eArgError `len` is negative. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of `len` bytes length, of * "US ASCII" encoding, whose contents are verbatim copy of `str`. */ #define rb_usascii_str_new(str, len) \ ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str) && \ RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(len) ? \ rb_usascii_str_new_static : \ rb_usascii_str_new) ((str), (len))) /** * Identical to #rb_str_new, except it generates a string of "UTF-8" encoding. * * @param[in] str A memory region of `len` bytes length. * @param[in] len Length of `str`, in bytes, not including the * terminating NUL character. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate `len+1` bytes. * @exception rb_eArgError `len` is negative. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of `len` bytes length, of * "UTF-8" encoding, whose contents are verbatim copy of `str`. */ #define rb_utf8_str_new(str, len) \ ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str) && \ RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(len) ? \ rb_utf8_str_new_static : \ rb_utf8_str_new) ((str), (len))) /** * @deprecated This macro once was a thing in the old days, but makes no sense * any longer today. Exists here for backwards compatibility * only. You can safely forget about it. * * @param[in] str A C string. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate memory. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of "binary" encoding, whose * contents are verbatim copy of `str`. * @pre `str` must not be a null pointer. */ #define rb_tainted_str_new_cstr(str) \ ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str) ? \ rbimpl_tainted_str_new_cstr : \ rb_tainted_str_new_cstr) (str)) /** * Identical to #rb_str_new_cstr, except it generates a string of "US ASCII" * encoding. It can also be seen as a routine Identical to * #rb_usascii_str_new, except it assumes the passed pointer is a pointer to a * C string. * * @param[in] str A C string. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate memory. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of "US ASCII" encoding, whose * contents are verbatim copy of `str`. * @pre `str` must not be a null pointer. */ #define rb_usascii_str_new_cstr(str) \ ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str) ? \ rbimpl_usascii_str_new_cstr : \ rb_usascii_str_new_cstr) (str)) /** * Identical to #rb_str_new_cstr, except it generates a string of "UTF-8" * encoding. It can also be seen as a routine Identical to #rb_utf8_str_new, * except it assumes the passed pointer is a pointer to a C string. * * @param[in] str A C string. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate memory. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of "UTF-8" encoding, whose contents * are verbatim copy of `str`. * @pre `str` must not be a null pointer. */ #define rb_utf8_str_new_cstr(str) \ ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str) ? \ rbimpl_utf8_str_new_cstr : \ rb_utf8_str_new_cstr) (str)) /** * Identical to #rb_str_new_cstr, except it generates a string of "default * external" encoding. * * @param[in] str A C string. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate memory. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString. In case encoding conversion from * "default internal" to "default external" is fully defined over * the given contents, then the return value is a string of * "default external" encoding, whose contents are the converted * ones. Otherwise the string is a junk. * @warning It doesn't raise on a conversion failure and silently ends up in * a corrupted output. You can know the failure by querying * `valid_encoding?` of the result object. * @pre `str` must not be a null pointer. */ #define rb_external_str_new_cstr(str) \ ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str) ? \ rbimpl_external_str_new_cstr : \ rb_external_str_new_cstr) (str)) /** * Identical to #rb_external_str_new_cstr, except it generates a string of * "locale" encoding instead of "default external". * * @param[in] str A C string. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate memory. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString. In case encoding conversion from * "default internal" to "locale" is fully defined over the given * contents, then the return value is a string of "locale" * encoding, whose contents are the converted ones. Otherwise the * string is a junk. * @warning It doesn't raise on a conversion failure and silently ends up in * a corrupted output. You can know the failure by querying * `valid_encoding?` of the result object. * @pre `str` must not be a null pointer. */ #define rb_locale_str_new_cstr(str) \ ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str) ? \ rbimpl_locale_str_new_cstr : \ rb_locale_str_new_cstr) (str)) /** * Identical to #rb_str_new_cstr, except done differently. * * @param[in] str A C string. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Failed to allocate memory. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of "binary" encoding, whose * contents are verbatim copy of `str`. * @pre `str` must not be a null pointer. */ #define rb_str_buf_new_cstr(str) \ ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str) ? \ rbimpl_str_buf_new_cstr : \ rb_str_buf_new_cstr) (str)) /** * Identical to rb_str_cat(), except it assumes the passed pointer is a pointer * to a C string. * * @param[out] buf Destination object. * @param[in] str Contents to append. * @exception rb_eArgError Result string too big. * @return The passed `buf`. * @pre `buf` must not be any arbitrary objects except ::RString. * @pre `str` must not be a null pointer. * @post `buf` has the contents of `str` appended. */ #define rb_str_cat_cstr(buf, str) \ ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str) ? \ rbimpl_str_cat_cstr : \ rb_str_cat_cstr) ((buf), (str))) /** * Identical to rb_exc_new(), except it assumes the passed pointer is a pointer * to a C string. * * @param[out] exc A subclass of ::rb_eException. * @param[in] str Message to raise. * @return An instance of `exc` whose message is `str`. * @pre `str` must not be a null pointer. */ #define rb_exc_new_cstr(exc, str) \ ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str) ? \ rbimpl_exc_new_cstr : \ rb_exc_new_cstr) ((exc), (str))) #define rb_str_new2 rb_str_new_cstr /**< @old{rb_str_new_cstr} */ #define rb_str_new3 rb_str_new_shared /**< @old{rb_str_new_shared} */ #define rb_str_new4 rb_str_new_frozen /**< @old{rb_str_new_frozen} */ #define rb_str_new5 rb_str_new_with_class /**< @old{rb_str_new_with_class} */ #define rb_tainted_str_new2 rb_tainted_str_new_cstr /**< @old{rb_tainted_str_new_cstr} */ #define rb_str_buf_new2 rb_str_buf_new_cstr /**< @old{rb_str_buf_new_cstr} */ #define rb_usascii_str_new2 rb_usascii_str_new_cstr /**< @old{rb_usascii_str_new_cstr} */ #define rb_str_buf_cat rb_str_cat /**< @alias{rb_str_cat} */ #define rb_str_buf_cat2 rb_str_cat_cstr /**< @old{rb_usascii_str_new_cstr} */ #define rb_str_cat2 rb_str_cat_cstr /**< @old{rb_str_cat_cstr} */ /** * Length of a string literal. * * @param[in] str A C String literal. * @return An integer constant expression that represents `str`'s length, * in bytes, not including the terminating NUL character. */ #define rb_strlen_lit(str) (sizeof(str "") - 1) /** * Identical to rb_str_new_static(), except it cannot take string variables. * * @param[in] str A C string literal. * @pre `str` must not be a variable. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of "binary" encoding, whose backend * storage is the passed C string literal. * @warning It is a very bad idea to write to a C string literal (often * immediate SEGV shall occur). Consider return values of this * function be read-only. */ #define rb_str_new_lit(str) rb_str_new_static((str), rb_strlen_lit(str)) /** * Identical to rb_usascii_str_new_static(), except it cannot take string * variables. * * @param[in] str A C string literal. * @pre `str` must not be a variable. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of "US ASCII" encoding, whose * backend storage is the passed C string literal. * @warning It is a very bad idea to write to a C string literal (often * immediate SEGV shall occur). Consider return values of this * function be read-only. */ #define rb_usascii_str_new_lit(str) rb_usascii_str_new_static((str), rb_strlen_lit(str)) /** * Identical to rb_utf8_str_new_static(), except it cannot take string * variables. * * @param[in] str A C string literal. * @pre `str` must not be a variable. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of "UTF-8" encoding, whose backend * storage is the passed C string literal. * @warning It is a very bad idea to write to a C string literal (often * immediate SEGV shall occur). Consider return values of this * function be read-only. */ #define rb_utf8_str_new_lit(str) rb_utf8_str_new_static((str), rb_strlen_lit(str)) /** * Identical to rb_enc_str_new_static(), except it cannot take string * variables. * * @param[in] str A C string literal. * @param[in] enc A pointer to an encoding. * @pre `str` must not be a variable. * @return An instance of ::rb_cString, of the passed encoding, whose * backend storage is the passed C string literal. * @warning It is a very bad idea to write to a C string literal (often * immediate SEGV shall occur). Consider return values of this * function be read-only. */ #define rb_enc_str_new_lit(str, enc) rb_enc_str_new_static((str), rb_strlen_lit(str), (enc)) #define rb_str_new_literal(str) rb_str_new_lit(str) /**< @alias{rb_str_new_lit} */ #define rb_usascii_str_new_literal(str) rb_usascii_str_new_lit(str) /**< @alias{rb_usascii_str_new_lit} */ #define rb_utf8_str_new_literal(str) rb_utf8_str_new_lit(str) /**< @alias{rb_utf8_str_new_lit} */ #define rb_enc_str_new_literal(str, enc) rb_enc_str_new_lit(str, enc) /**< @alias{rb_enc_str_new_lit} */ RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END() #endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_STRING_H */