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mimetypes.py
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"""Guess the MIME type of a file. This module defines two useful functions: guess_type(url, strict=True) -- guess the MIME type and encoding of a URL. guess_extension(type, strict=True) -- guess the extension for a given MIME type. It also contains the following, for tuning the behavior: Data: knownfiles -- list of files to parse inited -- flag set when init() has been called suffix_map -- dictionary mapping suffixes to suffixes encodings_map -- dictionary mapping suffixes to encodings types_map -- dictionary mapping suffixes to types Functions: init([files]) -- parse a list of files, default knownfiles (on Windows, the default values are taken from the registry) read_mime_types(file) -- parse one file, return a dictionary or None """ import os import sys import posixpath import urllib.parse try: from _winapi import _mimetypes_read_windows_registry except ImportError: _mimetypes_read_windows_registry = None try: import winreg as _winreg except ImportError: _winreg = None __all__ = [ "knownfiles", "inited", "MimeTypes", "guess_type", "guess_file_type", "guess_all_extensions", "guess_extension", "add_type", "init", "read_mime_types", "suffix_map", "encodings_map", "types_map", "common_types" ] knownfiles = [ "/etc/mime.types", "/etc/httpd/mime.types", # Mac OS X "/etc/httpd/conf/mime.types", # Apache "/etc/apache/mime.types", # Apache 1 "/etc/apache2/mime.types", # Apache 2 "/usr/local/etc/httpd/conf/mime.types", "/usr/local/lib/netscape/mime.types", "/usr/local/etc/httpd/conf/mime.types", # Apache 1.2 "/usr/local/etc/mime.types", # Apache 1.3 ] inited = False _db = None class MimeTypes: """MIME-types datastore. This datastore can handle information from mime.types-style files and supports basic determination of MIME type from a filename or URL, and can guess a reasonable extension given a MIME type. """ def __init__(self, filenames=(), strict=True): if not inited: init() self.encodings_map = _encodings_map_default.copy() self.suffix_map = _suffix_map_default.copy() self.types_map = ({}, {}) # dict for (non-strict, strict) self.types_map_inv = ({}, {}) for (ext, type) in _types_map_default.items(): self.add_type(type, ext, True) for (ext, type) in _common_types_default.items(): self.add_type(type, ext, False) for name in filenames: self.read(name, strict) def add_type(self, type, ext, strict=True): """Add a mapping between a type and an extension. When the extension is already known, the new type will replace the old one. When the type is already known the extension will be added to the list of known extensions. If strict is true, information will be added to list of standard types, else to the list of non-standard types. """ self.types_map[strict][ext] = type exts = self.types_map_inv[strict].setdefault(type, []) if ext not in exts: exts.append(ext) def guess_type(self, url, strict=True): """Guess the type of a file which is either a URL or a path-like object. Return value is a tuple (type, encoding) where type is None if the type can't be guessed (no or unknown suffix) or a string of the form type/subtype, usable for a MIME Content-type header; and encoding is None for no encoding or the name of the program used to encode (e.g. compress or gzip). The mappings are table driven. Encoding suffixes are case sensitive; type suffixes are first tried case sensitive, then case insensitive. The suffixes .tgz, .taz and .tz (case sensitive!) are all mapped to '.tar.gz'. (This is table-driven too, using the dictionary suffix_map.) Optional `strict' argument when False adds a bunch of commonly found, but non-standard types. """ # TODO: Deprecate accepting file paths (in particular path-like objects). url = os.fspath(url) p = urllib.parse.urlparse(url) if p.scheme and len(p.scheme) > 1: scheme = p.scheme url = p.path else: return self.guess_file_type(url, strict=strict) if scheme == 'data': # syntax of data URLs: # dataurl := "data:" [ mediatype ] [ ";base64" ] "," data # mediatype := [ type "/" subtype ] *( ";" parameter ) # data := *urlchar # parameter := attribute "=" value # type/subtype defaults to "text/plain" comma = url.find(',') if comma < 0: # bad data URL return None, None semi = url.find(';', 0, comma) if semi >= 0: type = url[:semi] else: type = url[:comma] if '=' in type or '/' not in type: type = 'text/plain' return type, None # never compressed, so encoding is None return self._guess_file_type(url, strict, posixpath.splitext) def guess_file_type(self, path, *, strict=True): """Guess the type of a file based on its path. Similar to guess_type(), but takes file path istead of URL. """ path = os.fsdecode(path) path = os.path.splitdrive(path)[1] return self._guess_file_type(path, strict, os.path.splitext) def _guess_file_type(self, path, strict, splitext): base, ext = splitext(path) while (ext_lower := ext.lower()) in self.suffix_map: base, ext = splitext(base + self.suffix_map[ext_lower]) # encodings_map is case sensitive if ext in self.encodings_map: encoding = self.encodings_map[ext] base, ext = splitext(base) else: encoding = None ext = ext.lower() types_map = self.types_map[True] if ext in types_map: return types_map[ext], encoding elif strict: return None, encoding types_map = self.types_map[False] if ext in types_map: return types_map[ext], encoding else: return None, encoding def guess_all_extensions(self, type, strict=True): """Guess the extensions for a file based on its MIME type. Return value is a list of strings giving the possible filename extensions, including the leading dot ('.'). The extension is not guaranteed to have been associated with any particular data stream, but would be mapped to the MIME type `type' by guess_type(). Optional `strict' argument when false adds a bunch of commonly found, but non-standard types. """ type = type.lower() extensions = list(self.types_map_inv[True].get(type, [])) if not strict: for ext in self.types_map_inv[False].get(type, []): if ext not in extensions: extensions.append(ext) return extensions def guess_extension(self, type, strict=True): """Guess the extension for a file based on its MIME type. Return value is a string giving a filename extension, including the leading dot ('.'). The extension is not guaranteed to have been associated with any particular data stream, but would be mapped to the MIME type `type' by guess_type(). If no extension can be guessed for `type', None is returned. Optional `strict' argument when false adds a bunch of commonly found, but non-standard types. """ extensions = self.guess_all_extensions(type, strict) if not extensions: return None return extensions[0] def read(self, filename, strict=True): """ Read a single mime.types-format file, specified by pathname. If strict is true, information will be added to list of standard types, else to the list of non-standard types. """ with open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as fp: self.readfp(fp, strict) def readfp(self, fp, strict=True): """ Read a single mime.types-format file. If strict is true, information will be added to list of standard types, else to the list of non-standard types. """ while line := fp.readline(): words = line.split() for i in range(len(words)): if words[i][0] == '#': del words[i:] break if not words: continue type, suffixes = words[0], words[1:] for suff in suffixes: self.add_type(type, '.' + suff, strict) def read_windows_registry(self, strict=True): """ Load the MIME types database from Windows registry. If strict is true, information will be added to list of standard types, else to the list of non-standard types. """ if not _mimetypes_read_windows_registry and not _winreg: return add_type = self.add_type if strict: add_type = lambda type, ext: self.add_type(type, ext, True) # Accelerated function if it is available if _mimetypes_read_windows_registry: _mimetypes_read_windows_registry(add_type) elif _winreg: self._read_windows_registry(add_type) @classmethod def _read_windows_registry(cls, add_type): def enum_types(mimedb): i = 0 while True: try: ctype = _winreg.EnumKey(mimedb, i) except OSError: break else: if '\0' not in ctype: yield ctype i += 1 with _winreg.OpenKey(_winreg.HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, '') as hkcr: for subkeyname in enum_types(hkcr): try: with _winreg.OpenKey(hkcr, subkeyname) as subkey: # Only check file extensions if not subkeyname.startswith("."): continue # raises OSError if no 'Content Type' value mimetype, datatype = _winreg.QueryValueEx( subkey, 'Content Type') if datatype != _winreg.REG_SZ: continue add_type(mimetype, subkeyname) except OSError: continue def guess_type(url, strict=True): """Guess the type of a file based on its URL. Return value is a tuple (type, encoding) where type is None if the type can't be guessed (no or unknown suffix) or a string of the form type/subtype, usable for a MIME Content-type header; and encoding is None for no encoding or the name of the program used to encode (e.g. compress or gzip). The mappings are table driven. Encoding suffixes are case sensitive; type suffixes are first tried case sensitive, then case insensitive. The suffixes .tgz, .taz and .tz (case sensitive!) are all mapped to ".tar.gz". (This is table-driven too, using the dictionary suffix_map). Optional `strict' argument when false adds a bunch of commonly found, but non-standard types. """ if _db is None: init() return _db.guess_type(url, strict) def guess_file_type(path, *, strict=True): """Guess the type of a file based on its path. Similar to guess_type(), but takes file path istead of URL. """ if _db is None: init() return _db.guess_file_type(path, strict=strict) def guess_all_extensions(type, strict=True): """Guess the extensions for a file based on its MIME type. Return value is a list of strings giving the possible filename extensions, including the leading dot ('.'). The extension is not guaranteed to have been associated with any particular data stream, but would be mapped to the MIME type `type' by guess_type(). If no extension can be guessed for `type', None is returned. Optional `strict' argument when false adds a bunch of commonly found, but non-standard types. """ if _db is None: init() return _db.guess_all_extensions(type, strict) def guess_extension(type, strict=True): """Guess the extension for a file based on its MIME type. Return value is a string giving a filename extension, including the leading dot ('.'). The extension is not guaranteed to have been associated with any particular data stream, but would be mapped to the MIME type `type' by guess_type(). If no extension can be guessed for `type', None is returned. Optional `strict' argument when false adds a bunch of commonly found, but non-standard types. """ if _db is None: init() return _db.guess_extension(type, strict) def add_type(type, ext, strict=True): """Add a mapping between a type and an extension. When the extension is already known, the new type will replace the old one. When the type is already known the extension will be added to the list of known extensions. If strict is true, information will be added to list of standard types, else to the list of non-standard types. """ if _db is None: init() return _db.add_type(type, ext, strict) def init(files=None): global suffix_map, types_map, encodings_map, common_types global inited, _db inited = True # so that MimeTypes.__init__() doesn't call us again if files is None or _db is None: db = MimeTypes() # Quick return if not supported db.read_windows_registry() if files is None: files = knownfiles else: files = knownfiles + list(files) else: db = _db for file in files: if os.path.isfile(file): db.read(file) encodings_map = db.encodings_map suffix_map = db.suffix_map types_map = db.types_map[True] common_types = db.types_map[False] # Make the DB a global variable now that it is fully initialized _db = db def read_mime_types(file): try: f = open(file, encoding='utf-8') except OSError: return None with f: db = MimeTypes() db.readfp(f, True) return db.types_map[True] def _default_mime_types(): global suffix_map, _suffix_map_default global encodings_map, _encodings_map_default global types_map, _types_map_default global common_types, _common_types_default suffix_map = _suffix_map_default = { '.svgz': '.svg.gz', '.tgz': '.tar.gz', '.taz': '.tar.gz', '.tz': '.tar.gz', '.tbz2': '.tar.bz2', '.txz': '.tar.xz', } encodings_map = _encodings_map_default = { '.gz': 'gzip', '.Z': 'compress', '.bz2': 'bzip2', '.xz': 'xz', '.br': 'br', } # Before adding new types, make sure they are either registered with IANA, # at http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types # or extensions, i.e. using the x- prefix # If you add to these, please keep them sorted by mime type. # Make sure the entry with the preferred file extension for a particular mime type # appears before any others of the same mimetype. types_map = _types_map_default = { '.js' : 'text/javascript', '.mjs' : 'text/javascript', '.json' : 'application/json', '.webmanifest': 'application/manifest+json', '.doc' : 'application/msword', '.dot' : 'application/msword', '.wiz' : 'application/msword', '.nq' : 'application/n-quads', '.nt' : 'application/n-triples', '.bin' : 'application/octet-stream', '.a' : 'application/octet-stream', '.dll' : 'application/octet-stream', '.exe' : 'application/octet-stream', '.o' : 'application/octet-stream', '.obj' : 'application/octet-stream', '.so' : 'application/octet-stream', '.oda' : 'application/oda', '.pdf' : 'application/pdf', '.p7c' : 'application/pkcs7-mime', '.ps' : 'application/postscript', '.ai' : 'application/postscript', '.eps' : 'application/postscript', '.trig' : 'application/trig', '.m3u' : 'application/vnd.apple.mpegurl', '.m3u8' : 'application/vnd.apple.mpegurl', '.xls' : 'application/vnd.ms-excel', '.xlb' : 'application/vnd.ms-excel', '.ppt' : 'application/vnd.ms-powerpoint', '.pot' : 'application/vnd.ms-powerpoint', '.ppa' : 'application/vnd.ms-powerpoint', '.pps' : 'application/vnd.ms-powerpoint', '.pwz' : 'application/vnd.ms-powerpoint', '.wasm' : 'application/wasm', '.bcpio' : 'application/x-bcpio', '.cpio' : 'application/x-cpio', '.csh' : 'application/x-csh', '.dvi' : 'application/x-dvi', '.gtar' : 'application/x-gtar', '.hdf' : 'application/x-hdf', '.h5' : 'application/x-hdf5', '.latex' : 'application/x-latex', '.mif' : 'application/x-mif', '.cdf' : 'application/x-netcdf', '.nc' : 'application/x-netcdf', '.p12' : 'application/x-pkcs12', '.pfx' : 'application/x-pkcs12', '.ram' : 'application/x-pn-realaudio', '.pyc' : 'application/x-python-code', '.pyo' : 'application/x-python-code', '.sh' : 'application/x-sh', '.shar' : 'application/x-shar', '.swf' : 'application/x-shockwave-flash', '.sv4cpio': 'application/x-sv4cpio', '.sv4crc' : 'application/x-sv4crc', '.tar' : 'application/x-tar', '.tcl' : 'application/x-tcl', '.tex' : 'application/x-tex', '.texi' : 'application/x-texinfo', '.texinfo': 'application/x-texinfo', '.roff' : 'application/x-troff', '.t' : 'application/x-troff', '.tr' : 'application/x-troff', '.man' : 'application/x-troff-man', '.me' : 'application/x-troff-me', '.ms' : 'application/x-troff-ms', '.ustar' : 'application/x-ustar', '.src' : 'application/x-wais-source', '.xsl' : 'application/xml', '.rdf' : 'application/xml', '.wsdl' : 'application/xml', '.xpdl' : 'application/xml', '.zip' : 'application/zip', '.3gp' : 'audio/3gpp', '.3gpp' : 'audio/3gpp', '.3g2' : 'audio/3gpp2', '.3gpp2' : 'audio/3gpp2', '.aac' : 'audio/aac', '.adts' : 'audio/aac', '.loas' : 'audio/aac', '.ass' : 'audio/aac', '.au' : 'audio/basic', '.snd' : 'audio/basic', '.mp3' : 'audio/mpeg', '.mp2' : 'audio/mpeg', '.opus' : 'audio/opus', '.aif' : 'audio/x-aiff', '.aifc' : 'audio/x-aiff', '.aiff' : 'audio/x-aiff', '.ra' : 'audio/x-pn-realaudio', '.wav' : 'audio/x-wav', '.avif' : 'image/avif', '.bmp' : 'image/bmp', '.gif' : 'image/gif', '.ief' : 'image/ief', '.jpg' : 'image/jpeg', '.jpe' : 'image/jpeg', '.jpeg' : 'image/jpeg', '.heic' : 'image/heic', '.heif' : 'image/heif', '.png' : 'image/png', '.svg' : 'image/svg+xml', '.tiff' : 'image/tiff', '.tif' : 'image/tiff', '.ico' : 'image/vnd.microsoft.icon', '.webp' : 'image/webp', '.ras' : 'image/x-cmu-raster', '.pnm' : 'image/x-portable-anymap', '.pbm' : 'image/x-portable-bitmap', '.pgm' : 'image/x-portable-graymap', '.ppm' : 'image/x-portable-pixmap', '.rgb' : 'image/x-rgb', '.xbm' : 'image/x-xbitmap', '.xpm' : 'image/x-xpixmap', '.xwd' : 'image/x-xwindowdump', '.eml' : 'message/rfc822', '.mht' : 'message/rfc822', '.mhtml' : 'message/rfc822', '.nws' : 'message/rfc822', '.css' : 'text/css', '.csv' : 'text/csv', '.html' : 'text/html', '.htm' : 'text/html', '.md' : 'text/markdown', '.markdown': 'text/markdown', '.n3' : 'text/n3', '.txt' : 'text/plain', '.bat' : 'text/plain', '.c' : 'text/plain', '.h' : 'text/plain', '.ksh' : 'text/plain', '.pl' : 'text/plain', '.srt' : 'text/plain', '.rtx' : 'text/richtext', '.rtf' : 'text/rtf', '.tsv' : 'text/tab-separated-values', '.vtt' : 'text/vtt', '.py' : 'text/x-python', '.rst' : 'text/x-rst', '.etx' : 'text/x-setext', '.sgm' : 'text/x-sgml', '.sgml' : 'text/x-sgml', '.vcf' : 'text/x-vcard', '.xml' : 'text/xml', '.mp4' : 'video/mp4', '.mpeg' : 'video/mpeg', '.m1v' : 'video/mpeg', '.mpa' : 'video/mpeg', '.mpe' : 'video/mpeg', '.mpg' : 'video/mpeg', '.mov' : 'video/quicktime', '.qt' : 'video/quicktime', '.webm' : 'video/webm', '.avi' : 'video/x-msvideo', '.movie' : 'video/x-sgi-movie', } # These are non-standard types, commonly found in the wild. They will # only match if strict=0 flag is given to the API methods. # Please sort these too common_types = _common_types_default = { '.rtf' : 'application/rtf', '.midi': 'audio/midi', '.mid' : 'audio/midi', '.jpg' : 'image/jpg', '.pict': 'image/pict', '.pct' : 'image/pict', '.pic' : 'image/pict', '.xul' : 'text/xul', } _default_mime_types() def _main(): import getopt USAGE = """\ Usage: mimetypes.py [options] type Options: --help / -h -- print this message and exit --lenient / -l -- additionally search of some common, but non-standard types. --extension / -e -- guess extension instead of type More than one type argument may be given. """ def usage(code, msg=''): print(USAGE) if msg: print(msg) sys.exit(code) try: opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'hle', ['help', 'lenient', 'extension']) except getopt.error as msg: usage(1, msg) strict = 1 extension = 0 for opt, arg in opts: if opt in ('-h', '--help'): usage(0) elif opt in ('-l', '--lenient'): strict = 0 elif opt in ('-e', '--extension'): extension = 1 for gtype in args: if extension: guess = guess_extension(gtype, strict) if not guess: print("I don't know anything about type", gtype) else: print(guess) else: guess, encoding = guess_type(gtype, strict) if not guess: print("I don't know anything about type", gtype) else: print('type:', guess, 'encoding:', encoding) if __name__ == '__main__': _main()